Steep Slide in Currency Sets Off a Panic in Iran

TEHRAN, Iran — All this week panicked Iranians have gathered in throngs outside banks and other financial businesses hoping to buy dollars, as the government seeks to head off a collapse in the rial, the national currency.

But they have met with nothing but frustration, told there were no dollars or other currencies for them to buy at the official government rate. In an effort to stop the run on foreign exchange, the government has forbidden anyone to hold more than the equivalent of $10,000 in dollars or euros, which account for most of the foreign exchange in Iran.

Long on a downward path, the rial plunged this week, losing 35 percent of its value against the dollar and hitting what has been widely described as a record low. The government is seeking to impose an exchange rate of 42,000 to the dollar, but in Tehran’s black-market exchanges this week the going rate was 60,000. When President Hassan Rouhani took office in 2013, the rate was 36,000.

In an effort to squelch currency speculation, the government sent riot police officers into the bazaars on Wednesday, where they arrested several money changers. One senior cleric, Ayatollah Nasser Makarem-Shirazi, said some money changers should be executed to set an example.

But many of those changing money in the bazaars were ordinary people trying to protect themselves from rising prices and fearing further declines in the rial.

Others, like Mohsen Yekta, a university professor, said they needed the foreign exchange for personal business.

“Every month I send some money to my daughter in Paris,” he said. “I need foreign exchange to help her out. I don’t know what to do.”

Amid rising tensions in the region, the national currency has been sliding for weeks, but it went into free fall on Saturday. The government blames unilateral U.S. sanctions that continue to limit bank financing, despite the 2015 nuclear agreement that lifted international banking sanctions. Market insiders say that fears are also rising that President Donald Trump will withdraw from the nuclear agreement next month, when it comes to him to be certified once more.

Ordinary Iranians agree with most of these explanations, but also blame the government for poor planning and bad management of the economy. They also view the black-market rate as one of the few trustworthy indicators of the country’s economic health.

In late December and January, complaints about economic conditions and corruption exploded into a more general protest against political conditions in more than 80 cities across Iran. There are no signs so far that the current troubles are leading to unrest.

The currency slide is taking its toll on business. Many firms that sell foreign products are halting all sales, unable to determine prices. The manager of a paint factory said that he had sent his 70 employees on a paid vacation, because he did not know what price to ask for products that were based on foreign ingredients bought with foreign exchange.

While Iran has endured similar currency crises in the past, some commentators said they were not seeing light at the end of this particular tunnel.

“Our economy is based on bad planning — it’s wishy-washy,” said Farshad Ghorbanpour, an analyst close to the government. “Don’t expect things to get any better.”